A research project titled Social Cash Transfers Program (SCTP), has observed that the targeting of beneficiaries to the program is based on false assumptions about households.

According to the study, household targeting is poorly understood and implemented at the community level and often appears random. The study also reveals that small nuclear households are often closely connected through kinship and material ties to other, sometimes more prosperous, households located very nearby and that children may be moved between them to capture grants.

Meanwhile, households categorized as Ultrapoor are benefiting from the Malawi Social Cash Transfer (SCTP) also known as Mtukula Pakhomo, which is aimed at reducing poverty and hunger, and to increase school enrollment. Generational Relations and Youth Poverty Trajectories were conducted in rural regions of Lesotho and Malawi.